Architecture Degrees Online

The course offers study organised to ensure:
an understanding of the key knowledge and skills needed for the specialism
a critical appreciation of the ideas, theories and debates that inform that area, and their application
the opportunity for personal development and specialisation through a dissertation or major project

The course encourages students to develop
the social, political, economic and professional context that guides building construction.
briefs and how to critically appraise them to ensure that the design response is appropriate to site and context, and for reasons such as sustainability and budget.
the regulatory requirements, including the needs of the disabled, health and safety legislation and building regulations and development control, that guide building construction.
an appropriate philosophical approach which reveals an understanding of theory in a cultural context.
building technologies, environmental design and construction methods in relation to: human well-being, the welfare of future generations, the natural world, the consideration of a sustainable environment.
the impact on design of legislation, codes of practices and health and safety both during the construction and occupation of a project.
the influences on the contemporary built environment of individual buildings, the design of cities, past and present societies and wider global issues.
the histories and theories of architecture and urban design, the history of ideas, and the related disciplines of art, cultural studies and landscape studies and its application in critical debate.
the inter-relationship between people, buildings and the environment and an understanding of the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human needs and scale.
the relationship between design process, cultural context, theory, technology, and professional issues, and the design of environments

Skill Development
The ability to deal with complex issues both systematically and creatively, make sound judgements in the absence of complete data, and communicate conclusions clearly to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

The ability to demonstrate self-direction and originality in tackling and solving problems, and act autonomously in planning and implementing tasks at a professional or equivalent level.

Teaching Methods
Teaching methods include: design studios, design based tutorials, seminars, lectures, design workshops, demonstrations, case studies. Contributions from visiting tutors who are practicing architects, designers or construction based professionals.

Course Content

You will be provided with the professional, practical and business skills an Architectural Technologist needs to analyse, synthesise and evaluate design requirements to produce design solutions which will satisfy performance, production and procurement criteria.

This will be achieved through the design, selection and specification of material, components and assembly and the management, coordination, communication, presentation and monitoring of solutions which perform to the agreed brief and standards in terms of time, cost and quality.

The Technologist will then be equipped to manage the implementation of these on site through to the completion of construction work matching all client, regulatory and use requirements.

The course follows three main themes:

Technology – this provides an in depth appreciation of the different technologies used in the UK. This will include the key elements of buildings and their performance requirements.

Design and Development – this will focus on integrating technology with legal, regulatory, health and safety, client and use requirements producing buildings suitable for intended use and takes account of sustainability and other contemporary issues. This will also equip you to manage other parties in the development process, including the business elements of a development.

Design Skills – providing training and practice of key practical skills. You will learn to physically survey, measure and gather data about the proposed building site and the surrounding environment. You will be aware of the structure and format of drawings normally found in the built environment. You will be taught how to manually and electronically produce drawings using three dimensional computer aided design (CAD) and animated design solutions. You will also learn how to place design solutions in context with their surroundings using geographical information system (GIS) software.

Full-time students will attend classes for three days per week, while part-time students will attend for one full day per week and part of the same evening. You will also be expected to complete private study and preparation in your own time.

Assessment
Assessment of modules is made during and at the end of each level either through examination, coursework or a combination of both.

The design of the course was defined on the basis of what is meant to be the principles of an educational institution dedicated to the training of professional agencies, spaces, and from the diagnosis made and marked by the resolution of the Federal Council of Education, the guidelines curriculum for courses in Architecture and Urbanism. These are the skills and abilities necessary for the formation of the Architect and Urban Planning:
Knowledge of aspects anthropological, sociological and economic implications and the whole spectrum of needs, aspirations and individual and collective expectations about the built environment;

The understanding of the issues that inform the actions to preserve the landscape and assessment of impacts on the environment, aiming to balance environmental and sustainable development;

The skills needed to design projects in architecture, urban design and landscaping and construction to achieve, considering the factors of cost, the durability, maintenance and specifications, as well as legal regulations, in order to meet the cultural, economic, aesthetic , technical, environmental and accessibility for users;

Knowledge of the history of art and aesthetics, susceptible to influence the quality of design and practice of architecture, town planning and landscaping;

The knowledge of theory and history of architecture, urban planning and landscaping, considering his production in the social, cultural, political and economic order and with the critical reflection and research;

The field of techniques and methodologies for research in urban and regional planning, town planning and urban design and an understanding of systems infrastructure and transit, for the design of studies, analysis and plans for intervention in urban, metropolitan and regional;

The expertise for the proper and economical use of building materials and construction techniques and systems for the definition of property plant and equipment for the organization of works and sites and for the implementation of urban infrastructure;

The understanding of structural systems and the field of design and structural design, based studies of resistance of materials, stability of structures and foundations;

An understanding of weather, noise, light and energy and mastery of appropriate techniques associated with them;

The field of theories, practices projetuais and technology solutions for the preservation, conservation, restoration, reconstruction and rehabilitation and reuse of buildings, collections and cities;

The ability to design and field of geometry, its applications and other means of expression and representation, such as perspective, modeling, models, models and virtual images;

Knowledge of computer tools for processing information and representation applied to architecture, to urban planning, the landscaping and the urban and regional planning;

The skill in preparation and instrumental in the making and interpretation of surveys, with the use of aero-photogrammetry, photo interpretation and remote sensing, to the realization of projects of architecture, urbanism and landscape and urban and regional planning.

In the particular case of course in Architecture and Urbanism of UNAMA, wishes that the professional egress is able to apply this body of knowledge and skills in the design of urban spaces and architectural suitable for natural and cultural peculiarities of the Amazon. It is also able to position itself against the various critical currents of contemporary architecture and urbanism, including those of local character, and join the debate on the housing problems and urban Brazil, Pará and the Metropolitan Region of Bethlehem, and the main proposals for identifying them.

The School of the Built Environment provides students with a ‘Ladder of Opportunity’ that allows for academic and professional development in a dynamic and flexible way. This combination of opportunities allows the student to progress through the foundation programme to degree level study. These awards are nationally recognised as well as being part of a programme leading to Honours Degree level.

The foundation programme is designed to allow students to gain knowledge through continual study as well as to gain experience through practical application. Students share a broadbase of knowledge whilst at the same time acquiring a detailed study of their particular specialism.

Students can opt to enter into employment after 2 years or continue (subject to the admissions process) into one of the following degree programmes:

BSc (Hons)
Architectural Technology
Building Design Management
Building Project Management
Building Surveying
Construction Management
Estate Management
Quantity Surveying.

BEng (Hons) Building Services Engineering.

All students will study the following subject areas:
Building construction
Building services
Built environment law
Draughting and CAD
Contract and management procedures
Professional practice
Work experience.

The following are modules from all Foundation Degree programmes, typically students will cover a selection from:
Building Services engineering systems
Computing for the Built Environment
Contractual and Management procedures
Conversion and Adaptation of Buildings
Design technology and procedures
Electrical and Lighting design
Electrical Installation technology
Environmental Analysis
Landlord and Tenant
Materials and Structures
Mathematics
Measurement and Co-ordination project information
Mechanical Systems Design
Planning and Building Control
Planning and Regeneration
Property and Construction Economics
Property Marketing
Residential Property management
Site Organisations and Contact Planning
Software for Building Services Engineering
Surveying Principles
Thermofluids and Heat Transfer
Valuation.

Course Description

ARCH 101 Concepts and Theory of the Built Environment I
6 Hours, 3 Credits
This course focuses on critical thinking and problem solving as it relates to the built environment. The course uses critique as a method for investigating environmental design issues, studied through the lens of critical theory, critical race theory, modernism, phenomenology, and post-structuralist theory. The major concern is to prepare students to be able to think critically about the forces that affect their daily lives (private sphere) and the built environment (public sphere). Prerequisite: Approval by the BSAED Program Coordinator

ARCH 102 Concepts and Theory of the Built Environment II
6 Hours; 3 Credits
This course is a critique of the built environment through the lens of structuralism, post-structuralism and post-modernist theory. It focuses on the analysis of specific ways in which cultural institutions are used to built environment and dictate what is acceptable and normal within various cultures that offer privilege to some and marginalization or renouncement to others. Prerequisite:ARCH 101

ARCH 103 Communication Skills I 6 Hours; 3 Credits
This course focuses on the fundamental techniques of two and three-dimensional drawing representations including orthographic drawings, model-making, one and two point perspective drawings, freehand drawing and sketching, and black/white and color rendering. It uses representation tools to enable students with the knowledge, skills and abilities to create and render plans, sections, isometrics, and sketches that reflect a conceptual understanding of the built environment.Prerequisite: None

ARCH 104 Communication Skills II
6 Hours; 3 Credits
ARCH 104 continues the development of graphic communication skills introduced in ARCH 103. The knowledge and skills furnish students with the building blocks necessary to competently execute two and three-dimensional computer-aided exercises which will be the focus of ARCH 203. Prerequisite: ARCH 103

ARCH 201 Basic Design
6 Hours; 3 Credits
An introduction to ideas of composition, color, structure, materials, and the shaping of space to create form. Prerequisite: ARCH 101, 102, 103, 104 or approval from the Program Coordinator.

ARCH 202 Design Studio I (Design Process)
9 Hours, 4 Credits
This course emphasizes the integration of critical research practices that contributes to basic programming that informs the design process. The course introduces students to the fundamentals of design and formal ordering by exploring the implications of theory, history, technology, and the environment; factors that influence design thinking, practices, outcomes and modes of representation. Students are introduced to design principles through small-scale projects (1000 square feet or less). Prerequisite: ARCH 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 201, 203 or approval from the Program Coordinator.

ARCH 203 Communication Skills III
6 Hours; 3 Credits
Whereas in ARCH 103 and ARCH 104 students use T-squares, parallel bars and set-squares, ARCH 203introduces students to the use of two-dimensional computer-aided design software as a visual communication tool. This course will also introduce students to computer 3-Dimentional geometric modeling as a tool to conceive, analyze, simulate and experience the built environments. The knowledge and skills furnish students with the abilities necessary to perform competently in the design studio or professional office. Prerequisite: ARCH 103, 104.

ARCH 204 Communication Skills IV
6 Hours; 3 Credits
This course introduces students to multimedia and digital medias as communication tools necessary in present and market design projects.Students integrate text, graphics, animation (2D and 3D), video, audio and music to create dynamic, interactive presentations that can be used as a sales and marketing tool for architecture, landscape, and urban planning projects. Students create CD-ROM, DVD, and WEB-based multimedia content, by combining CAD, 3D Modeling, Animations, GIS, and voice-over to communicate their design ideas. The knowledge and skills furnish students with the abilities necessary for performance competently in the design studio or professional office. Prerequisite: ARCH 203.

ARCH 205 History of the Built Environment I (Antiquity – 17th Century)
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course introduces students to the major events that affected the built environment internationally, from Antiquity through the 17th Century. Students are introduced to the socio-economic dynamics that were associated with the history of the built environment. Prerequisite: None

ARCH 206 History of the Built Environment II (17th Century – 1900s)
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course is an introduction to architectural, urban planning and landscape architectural history from the 17th Century through the 1900s, with an emphasis on the significance of vernacular traditions. The developments of specific built form topologies are studied, including patron residential, religious, civic structures, and urban space. Emphasis is being placed on two specific topics of investigation and discussion: 1) significant designers, their theories and buildings; and 2) how cities evolved, and adapted with new functions, technology, and styles of habitation. Prerequisite: ARCH 205.

ARCH 207 Site Planning
6 Hours; 3 Credits
This course introduces students to the principles and practices of site planning and design that take place within a biophysical and social context to accommodate human needs and aspirations. The course focuses on spatial information and mapping; site selection and programming; site inventory and analysis; design and implementation: conceptual development and design development. Prerequisite: ARCH 103,104 [Formerly ARCH 303]

ARCH 301 Design Studio II (Introduction to Design Programming)
9 Hours; 4 Credits
This course introduces students to design programming and explores a series of multifaceted design issues such as environmental relationships, urban setting, climatic conditions, local government codes, etc. Planning and design exercises stress analysis as well as synthesis of context, function, form, space, and construction while emphasizing principles drawn from prerequisite theory, history and technology courses. The projects increase in scale, complexity and level of detail (1500 square foot or less). Prerequisite: ARCH 101, 102, 103, 104, 201, 203, 204, 205, 205, 206, 301 or approval from the Program Coordinator

ARCH 302 Design Studio III (Principles of Urban Design)
9 Hours; 4 Credits
This course will explore various issues related to the programming, planning, and designing of urban infrastructures. Emphasis will be placed on the requirements, analyzing various environmental concerns, planning considerations and jointly developing design solutions that address architectural and landscape architectural requirements. Prerequisite: ARCH 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 201, 203, 204, 205, 205, 206, 301 or approval from the Program Coordinator.

ARCH 303 Sustainability
3 Hours, 3 Credits
This course explores ‘green technology’ as well as the relationship between the built environment and such vital challenges as energy consumption, power supply, alternative energy sources, and building materials. Students further examine the social, ecological, and economic impact of built form on the environment by studying the relationship among natural, biological, ecological processes, urban sprawl, and environmental resources. The content of this course will be examined through the lens of the following six principles of ‘green design:” conserving energy, working with climate, minimizing new resources, respect for users, respect for site and holism.Prerequisite: ENGL 102, ARCH 102, 207 [Formerly ARCH 405]

ARCH 304 Urban Development of Baltimore
6 Hours, 3 Credits
The course introduces students to the principles and practices of urban planning using the Baltimore/Washington metropolitan areas as a case study. Students organize and carryout on-site case studies. Prerequisite: ARCH 204, 207

ARCH 305 Design and Human Behavior
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course covers the cultural, social, and psychological factors of human behavior that must be taken into consideration when designing the environment. This includes considering the characteristics, causes, and consequences of acts, meanings, participation, relationships, and settings; plus the forms they assume and variations they display. Theories and methods of environmental assessment and design are studied based on an understanding of mutually supportive relationships between people and their physical environments.

Prerequisites: ARCH 102,206 [Formerly ARCH 421]

ARCH 308 Office Practice and Management
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course examines a variety of office practice and management work environments and relationships through direct involvement of the student with an assigned firm. Additionally, the course covers such issues as office procedures, designer-client contractor relationships, the influence of information systems on the practice of design, and contractual documents related to practice. Prerequisite: ENGL 102

ARCH 311 Statics and Strength of Materials
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course is devoted to the development and application of the principles of static mechanics and strength of materials as they relate to the analysis of building structures. Prerequisites: PHYS 101 & MATH 126 or Calculus-Based Course [Formerly ARCH 305]

ARCH 321 Grading & Drainage
6 Hours; 3 Credits
This course is the study of the shaping of the earth’s surface in an ecological, technical and aesthetic manner with an emphasis on-the technical ability to transform design ideas into physical reality. Specific topics include contours and slope analysis, the grading process, earthwork, storm runoff analysis, and grading as design. Prerequisite: ARCH 207 [Formerly ARCH 422]

ARCH 322 Technology Resources for Planners
6 Hours; 3 Credits
This course is an introduction to Geographic Information Systems and its specific application to the built environment profession. Topics include: spatial modeling, visual analysis, resource management, site design, master planning, and public advocacy. Prerequisite: ARCH 104 [Formerly ARCH 436]

ARCH 331 Environmental Justice
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course incorporates complex issues of environmental justice and social equity as important components to discussing community planning and public policy actions. This includes community-related environmental projects, e.g., public transportation services, housing supply, community development, public infrastructure, public education and health. The focus is to determine not only the social needs but also revenue and policy constraints so that environmental decisions become better informed, more accurate and less harmful. Prerequisite: None

ARCH 341 Introduction to Construction Management
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course is an introduction to basic principles and skills required to organize and manage large construction projects, including the issues of liability and coordination responsibilities of the owner, project manager, general contractor, sub-contractor, and design professionals. Prerequisite: None [Formerly ARCH 451]

ARCH 342 Construction Operations
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course introduces the basic principles and elements required to organize, operate and manage small-, medium-, and large-sized construction companies. It focuses on the operation from the executive perspective: contractual responsibilities and the roles of contractor, owner, and design and engineering professionals. It also explores the issues of labor relations and dispute resolution. Prerequisite: ARCH 308, 341

ARCH 401 Design Studio IV (Research-based Design Studio)
9 Hours; 4 Credits
This research-based design studio is intended to equip seniors with research, analytical and transformative design tools required to guide students through the complexities of planning, organizing, and drafting a terminal design proposal. The terminal design proposal will address a significant problem and offer an appropriate solution that can contribute to the body of knowledge of architecture and the built environment disciplines.
Prerequisite: ARCH 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 201, 203, 204, 205, 205, 206, 301, 302, 305 or approval from the Program Coordinator.

ARCH 402 Design Studio V (Terminal Design Project)
9 Hours, 4 Credits
This terminal project course focuses on planning and design as a connected process involving repeated analysis, evaluation, redesign and refinement. Each student selects an appropriate project (5000 square feet or less) that addresses the basic requirements outlined by the instructor. The final submission must demonstrate an understanding of the built environment as a setting for human interactions. This includes the consideration of structures as form/space generators; environmental systems analysis and integration in architecture; sustainable design; formal design composition and design order; and design as an expression of ideas and theories. The final design must be integrated with programmatic contexts, i.e., physical, urban and cultural; interior/exterior spatial relationships; and code compliance involving issues of health and safety. Prerequisite: ARCH 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 201, 203, 204, 205, 205, 206, 301, 302, 305, 401 or approval from the Program Coordinator.

ARCH 406 History of the Built Environment III
3 Hours; 3 Credits
Building on the historical foundation of ARCH 205 and 206, this course explores the history and theory of the built environment of the 20th century and after in greater depth.

ARCH 411 Building Structural Systems
3 Hours; 3 Credits
The purposes of this course are (1) develop the student’s skills and techniques in the design of basic elements of various wood and steel structural systems; (2) to expand their understanding of the principles and characteristics of various structural materials; and (3) to enhance his/her ability to resolve structural problems of cost, durability, space, legal restrictions, time and aesthetics. Prerequisite: ARCH 311

ARCH 415 Historic Preservation
3 Hours, 3 Credits
This course introduces the student to the field of historic preservation, examining the history and theory of preservation in architecture and the built environment. Course work includes historical aspects, the issue of sustainability, state and local guidelines, preservation standards, career opportunities, and professional practices. This course may require field trip(s).
Prerequisite: None.

ARCH 418 Environmental Controls
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course covers basic principles of plumbing, HVAC systems, electric, illumination, and acoustics in environmental design and construction. It expands the student’s understanding of the nature and characteristics of various environmental systems as well as to develop their ability to make choices between systems that best resolve the problems associated with cost, social accommodation, operating efficiency, durability, scheduling, safety, and aesthetics. Prerequisite: None

ARCH 422 Production Techniques for Landscape Architects
6 Hours; 3 Credits
The course introduces the principles, techniques, and activities necessary to develop a set of construction documents as related to the Landscape Architecture profession, including schedules and specifications. Prerequisite: None

ARCH 426 Plant Materials
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course is an introduction to plant materials in terms of their botanical identification, design characteristics and ecological requirements. Trees, shrubs, vines, and ground covers commonly used in urban planting design are emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Science Course

ARCH 430 Senior Internship I
9 Hours; 3 Credits
This course provides the opportunity for the student to obtain valuable supervised work experience at a professional firm, government agency, non-profit group or organization that is involved with planning, design or management practices that are related to the academic objectives within the BSAED curriculum. Prerequisite: Permission of the BSAED Program Coordinator.

ARCH 431 Public Facilities Planning
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course investigates the factors contributing to alternative locations for activities and public facilities as determined by transportation networks, land use patterns, public utilities, performance standards, government codes and regulations, etc. The economics, spatial context, and patterns of location of public facilities will be considered. Prerequisite: None

ARCH 432 Introduction to Real Estate Planning I
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course explores the theory, principles and practices of the various facets of the real estate industry, that impact on land use policy and thought, and the shaping of communities. Students learn the products and programs in use today to finance community development, as well as they explore innovative construction technologies that influence decision-making in real estate development and land use planning. Prerequisite: ARCH 207, 302 or Permission of the BSAED Program Coordinator.

ARCH 433 Senior Internship II
9 Hours; 3 Credits
This course provides the opportunity for the student to obtain valuable supervised work experience at a professional firm, government agency, non-profit group or organization that is involved with planning, design or management practices that are related to the academic objectives within the BSAED curriculum. Prerequisite: Permission of the BSAED Program Coordinator.

ARCH 435 Introduction to Real Estate Planning II
4 Hours; 3 Credits
This course expands upon the theories, principles and practices of the real estate industry presented in Course 1 and incorporates a project management approach to address a land-use planning situation. Students will work in teams to propose strategies, and design components that comprise a community development project plan. Students will structure the specifics of the project being designed and identify and propose the task to be undertaken for project implementation. Prerequisite: ARCH 207, 302 or Permission of the Professor.

ARCH 441 Production Techniques
6 Hours; 3 Credits
This course introduces the steps and activities necessary to develop a set of construction documents, including schedules and specifications as related to detailed plans for structures and site development. Prerequisite: ARCH 104

ARCH 442 Construction Cost Estimating
3 Hours; 3 Credits
This course introduces the role of cost estimating in the various phases of the construction process. It explores the cost data and review procedures, quantity take-off rules and procedures, and construction cost estimating. Prerequisite: ARCH 341

curriculum

The curriculum is intended to support the mission of BSAED program and Morgan State University. Students must follow the curriculum from their matriculation into the University. The distribution of courses over a four-year period represents the recommended sequence to be followed. Not all courses are offered every semester. Students must refer to Morgan’s WEBSIS and/or their faculty mentor to determine the course offerings for each semester.
The following is the core curriculum of the 125 credit program:
First Year (Fall)

Credits

ORIE.107
Freshman Orientation for BSAED Majors
1
ARCH.101
Concepts & Theory of the Built Environment I
3
ARCH 103
Communication Skills I
3
ENGL.101
Freshman Composition I
3
HIST.101/105
W. History I or US History I
3
HEED.100
Healthful Living
2
PHEC Elec
Physical Education Activity Elective
1

First Year (Spring)
ARCH.102
Concepts & Theory of the Built Environment II
3
ARCH.104
Communication Skills II
3
ENGL.102
Freshman Composition II
3
HIST.102/106
W. History II or US History II
3
MATH.126
Analytical Geometry
4

Second Year (Fall)
ARCH.201
Basic Design
3
ARCH.203
Communication Skills III
3
ARCH.205
History of the Built Environment I
3
ARCH.207
Site Planning
3
HUMA.201
Intro to Humanities I
3
GENL.201
Computer Literacy
2

Second Year (Spring)
ARCH.202
Design Studio I
4
ARCH.204
Communication Skills IV
3
ARCH.206
History of the Built Environment II
3
HUMA.202
Intro to Humanities I
3
PHYS.101
Intro to Physics
3

Third Year (Fall)
ARCH.301
Design Studio II
4
ARCH.303
Sustainability
3
ARCH.305
Design and Human Behavior
3
ARCH Conc.
ARCH Concentration/Elective
3
PHIL.109
Intro to Logic
3

Third Year (Spring)
ARCH.302
Design Studio III
4
ARCH.304
Urban Development of Baltimore
3
ARCH.308
Office Practice and Management
3
ARCH Conc.
ARCH Concentration/Elective
3
MHTC.103
Intro to Group Dynamics
3

Fourth Year (Fall)
ARCH.401
Design Studio IV
4
ARCH Conc.
ARCH Concentration/Elective
3
BIOL.101
Intro to Biology I
3
HIST.350
Intro to African Diaspora
3

Fourth Year (Spring)
ARCH.402
Design Studio V
4
ARCH Conc.
ARCH Concentration/Elective
3
ARCH Elec
ARCH Elective
3
Humanities Elective
3

General Education Credits
48

Core Credits
65

Concentration Credits
12
Total Credits
125

Architecture is associated with many fields and types of study and learning. While Architects find themselves compelled to be acquainted with them, it seems relevant to think and expect that those in diverse fields be concerned with the relation of their field of knowledge to architecture, to the qualities of the background to our everyday life. In a world where interdisciplinary work is gaining ever-growing importance, many from different disciplines collaborate with architects on studies and projects related with our built environment. An acquaintance with architecture along with their major studies will give them a sound understanding of architecture, and insight into its possible relations to their major subjects and will be instrumental for effective communication and collaboration in the medium of architecture.